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  1. A apreciação da literatura no humanismo teológico de Filipe Melanchthon
    Erschienen: 14.07.2020

    Filipe Melanchthon é uma das figuras proeminentes na Reforma e no Humanismo renascentista alemães, embora no Brasil esta segunda característica não seja muito bem conhecida. Sua obra como um todo tem uma base teológica com a qual ele pretendia também... mehr

     

    Filipe Melanchthon é uma das figuras proeminentes na Reforma e no Humanismo renascentista alemães, embora no Brasil esta segunda característica não seja muito bem conhecida. Sua obra como um todo tem uma base teológica com a qual ele pretendia também favorecer os estudos acadêmicos, principalmente, mas não só, no que hoje é chamado de Ciências Humanas. O presente texto mostra como ele utilizou a distinção teológica entre lei e evangelho para configurar o espaço das então assim chamadas 'artes' na universidade pré-moderna alemã tardia. A ênfase aqui está nos estudos literários e linguísticos e na abordagem ética deles, favorecida por ele. Philipp Melanchthon is one of the leading figures in German Reformation and Renaissance Humanism, although this second characteristic is largely unknown in Brazil. His work as a whole has a theological basis used to foster academic studies, especially in the Humanities, albeit not exclusively. This paper shows how he used the theological distinction between law and gospel in order to configure the space for the then called 'arts' in the later pre-modern German university. We focus on literary and linguistic studies and the ethical approach to them, which he favored.

     

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    Quelle: GiNDok
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Literaturen germanischer Sprachen; Deutsche Literatur (830)
    Schlagworte: Melanchthon, Philipp; Humanismus; Renaissance; Literatur; Sprache
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/de/deed.de

    ;

    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  2. A aquisição "quase" simultânea de alemão e português: um estudo de caso

    O Brasil, como um país colônia cuja parte considerável da população é formada por imigrantes vindos de várias partes do mundo, possui diversas comunidades em que tais imigrantes se concentram. A fim de preservar parte de suas culturas, esses... mehr

     

    O Brasil, como um país colônia cuja parte considerável da população é formada por imigrantes vindos de várias partes do mundo, possui diversas comunidades em que tais imigrantes se concentram. A fim de preservar parte de suas culturas, esses imigrantes continuam comunicando-se com a língua do seu país de origem. Devido a isso, seus filhos acabam por desenvolver a língua dos pais, juntamente do português, constituindo assim, um ambiente bilíngue. Tendo essas comunidades em mente, pretende-se entender de que forma o desenvolvimento linguístico e pessoal de uma criança pode ser afetado na aquisição quase simultânea de duas línguas, por ocorrer em momentos distintos, mas ainda na infância, e se há interferência de um idioma no outro. Nesse contexto, mesmo que as características das línguas sejam diferentes, há uma competência linguística comum entre as linguagens, o que possibilita que algumas habilidades sejam transferidas de uma língua para outra. Além disso, sabe-se que no léxico de crianças que falam duas línguas, é possível acessar palavras de qualquer uma delas ao mesmo tempo, verificando a conexão entre os idiomas (SCHUETZE, 2001). Para a realização desta pesquisa, a comunidade bilíngue abordada foi no oeste de Santa Catarina, onde concentra-se uma grande população descendente de imigrantes alemães. Foi realizada uma entrevista com dois jovens falantes de português e alemão, junto de seus pais, buscando definir o processo de aquisição das duas línguas na infância e a interferência das mesmas entre si. A análise das informações obtidas teve a influência do conhecimento prévio de uma das autoras da pesquisa, devido à aquisição de linguagem similar. Nos casos investigados, as crianças adquiriram o alemão em casa como primeira língua e o português como segunda em ambiente escolar. Os resultados apontam que ocorre influência de um idioma em outro e que há troca de letras ou palavras, como justifica o code-switching. Pesquisas como esta se fazem necessárias tendo em vista o crescente número de imigrantes vindos ao Brasil, cujos filhos estarão em um ambiente bilíngue, tendo que desenvolver o português enquanto os pais possuem apenas a língua do seu país de origem. Brazil, as a majorly mixed country, with people from all over the world, concentrates many communities in which immigrants from certain countries or cultures live together. In order to preserve their origins, these immigrants have kept communicating in their mother languages throughout the years. Therefore, their children happen to have learned their parents' language along with the Brazilian native language, which is Portuguese, resulting in a bilingual environment. Having these communities in mind, this article aims to understand the way in which a child's linguistic and personal development can be affected during this almost-simultaneous acquisition of both languages, for that it happens in different stages but still during the same period of childhood, and if the languages interfere with one another. In this context, even if the language aspects are different, there is a common linguistic competence between both, which allows some of these abilities to be transferred from one language to another. In addition, in the lexical of children who speak two languages, it is possible to access words from any of those languages at any given moment, confirming that there is a connection between both languages (SCHUETZE, 2001). For this research, the chosen bilingual community was the West of Brazilian state Santa Catarina, where a great population of German immigrants and descendants is settled. Two young people, speakers of both German and Portuguese, were interviewed along with their parents, aiming to define the process of acquisition of both languages in their childhood and the interference of those with each other. The data analysis had the influence of one of the authors' previous knowledge on the subject, having gone through a similar language acquisition process. In both examined cases, the children had acquired German at home as their first language, and Portuguese as a second language at school. The results point out that there is influence of one language on the other and there is a mix of letters and words, as justified by code-switching. Research such as this one is made necessary having in view the crescent growth of immigrants coming to Brazil, whose children are going to grow in a bilingual environment, having to develop Portuguese while their families still speak the language of their home country.

     

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    Hinweise zum Inhalt: kostenfrei
    Quelle: GiNDok
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430); Spanisch, Portugiesisch (460)
    Schlagworte: Deutsche; Brasilien; Spracherwerb; Zweisprachigkeit; Deutsch; Portugiesisch; Sprachwechsel
    Lizenz:

    publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/home/index/help

    ;

    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  3. A área de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira : desenvolvimento histórico e perspectivas atuais German as a Foreign Language : historical development and current perspectives

    This article presents an overall history of a course in German as a Foreign Language (DaF) from the early 1950s until the present time. It focuses on the historical process of institutionalization of this endeavor in Germany and the increasing... mehr

     

    This article presents an overall history of a course in German as a Foreign Language (DaF) from the early 1950s until the present time. It focuses on the historical process of institutionalization of this endeavor in Germany and the increasing importance of the subject of German on the international scene through policies related to language and culture enacted by the German government, and the commercialization of books on the teaching of German produced for the global market. O artigo apresenta as linhas gerais do desenvolvimento histórico da área de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE), desde os anos de 1950 até os dias de hoje, focalizando principalmente o processo de sua institucionalização na Alemanha bem como a crescente projeção da área no âmbito internacional, através de medidas de política linguística e cultural do governo alemão e a comercialização de livros didáticos produzidos para o mercado global. Der Artikel zeichnet die allgemeinen Entwicklungslinien des Fachs Deutsch als Fremdsprache (DaF) ab den Fünfziger Jahren bis zur heutigen Zeit nach. Schwerpunkte des historischen Abrisses sind der Institutionalisierungsprozess in Deutschland und die wachsende internationale Ausrichtung des Fachs im Rahmen von sprach- und kulturpolitischen Maßnahmen durch die Mittlerorganisationen Deutschlands sowie des weltweiten Vertriebs von Lehrwerken.

     

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    Quelle: GiNDok
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Deutsch als Fremdsprache; Fremdsprachenpolitik
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/de/deed.de

    ;

    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  4. A arte da infelicidade : "A Pianista", de Elfriede Jelinek, entre tradição e mass-media

    The purpose of this article is the contextualization of Elfriede Jelinek's "Die Klaverspielerin" within the tradition of social criticism in Austrian literature, to which several authors from the interbellum period belong. After 1945, Austria's... mehr

     

    The purpose of this article is the contextualization of Elfriede Jelinek's "Die Klaverspielerin" within the tradition of social criticism in Austrian literature, to which several authors from the interbellum period belong. After 1945, Austria's literary establishment strove to create social peace by means of the diffusion of a harmonistic ideology. The aim of this ideology was to reestablish a system of values inherited from the Monarchy in the 2nd Republic and the emergence of a literature of protest and estrangement in Austria in the 1980's can be seen as a reaction against this project of restoration of an anachronistic ideology. The central conflict structuring Jelinek's narrative – a conflict between Erika Kohut, her mother and Walter Klemmer – is here seen as a kind of metaphorical representation of conflicts characteristic of a society divided between its attachment to the glories of a vanished cultural tradition and the unremitting assault of global mass media, structured over parameters that are diametrically opposed to this tradition. At the same time, I attempt to situate specific ways of behavior and 'Weltanschauungen' portrayed in this novel within the cultural atmosphere where they emerge, particularly that of the so-called 'Österreich Ideologie', pointing to principles of social conviviality that seem to derive from Habsburg ideology and which remain as partly unconscious and illusory undercurrents in Austrian culture in the 1980's and 1990's. Este artigo tem como propósito a contextualização do romance "A Pianista", de Elfriede Jelinek, no âmbito de uma tradição literária austríaca caracterizada pela visão crítica da sociedade e de seus conflitos, da qual fizeram parte grandes expoentes das letras deste país no período entre-guerras. Se no pós-guerra o establishment literário austríaco empenhou-se pelo estabelecimento de um consenso social por meio da difusão de uma ideologia harmonística, que visava reinstaurar elementos da sociedade habsburga na 2ª. República, o ressurgimento de uma literatura de rebeldia e estranhamento na Áustria da década de 1980 pode ser compreendido como uma reação a este projeto de restauração de um ideário anacrônico. Neste sentido, a confrontação, em "A Pianista", entre Erika Kohut, sua mãe e Walter Klemmer pode ser uma representação metafórica de conflitos próprios de uma sociedade dividida entre o apego às glórias de uma tradição cultural que se deseja preservar e o assédio permanente de uma massmedia globalizada e estruturada sobre parâmetros que estão em oposição diametral a esta tradição. Ao mesmo tempo, busca-se contextualizar as visões de mundo e formas de comportamento representadas no romance no âmbito da chamada 'Österreich Ideologie', onde surgem como princípios de convívio social herdados da ideologia habsburga, e que permanecem como substratos parcialmente anacrônicos e parcialmente ilusórios na cultura austríaca dos anos 1980. Der Ziel dieses Artikels ist die Kontextualisierung von Elfriede Jelineks Roman "Die Klavierspielerin" innerhalb einer kritischen Tradition der österreichischen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts, zu welcher fast alle bedeutenden Autoren dieses Landes in den 20er. und 30er. Jahren irgendwie gehören. Nach 1945 gelang es dem österreichischen literarischen Establishment eine harmonistishce Ideologie durchzusetzen, die alle gesellschaftliche Gegensätze durch eine eskapistische Tendenz und eine Rückkehr zu Elemente der habsburgische Ideologie ersetzten. Die Protest-Literatur der 1980er. kann als Reaktion gegen diese sogenannte 'Österreich Ideologie' verstanden werden. "Die Klavierspielerin" scheint auf einem Konflikt strukturiert zu sein und dieser Konflikt zeichnet sich als Opposition zwischen einer festen Beziehung zur österreichischen Vergangenheit, ins besondere zur vergangenen Musiktradition einerseits, und dem ständigen Einfluss der globalisierten Mass-media andererseits. Erika Kohut, ihre Mutter und Walter Klemmer, die Protagonisten des Romans, können daher als Sinnbilder verschiedener Weltanschauungen gedeutet werden, die zwischen den Trümmern der Ideologie der verschollenen Doppelmonarchie und der Integration in der globalisierten Welt schwanken. Dadurch können sie auch als bedeutende Symbole der österreichischen Gesellschaft unserer Zeit verstanden werden.

     

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    Quelle: GiNDok
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Literaturen germanischer Sprachen; Deutsche Literatur (830)
    Schlagworte: Jelinek, Elfriede / Die Klavierspielerin; Österreichische Literatur; Kafka, Franz; Österreich-Ungarn
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/de/deed.de

    ;

    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  5. A "beleza livre" e a arte não-figurativa

    This paper is an "interested" reading of "The Critique of Judgement" – "interested", because, unlike what has become usual in recent decades, it strives to disassociate the Kantian concept of "free beauty" from any interpretation of it as an early... mehr

     

    This paper is an "interested" reading of "The Critique of Judgement" – "interested", because, unlike what has become usual in recent decades, it strives to disassociate the Kantian concept of "free beauty" from any interpretation of it as an early defense of abstract art. It is also "interested" because, instead of exposing (once more) the framework of the "Kritik der Urteilskraft", it tries to show how the Third Kantian Critique can be taken as a basis for something that was not part of its original purpose: reviewing the idea of mimesis itself. For that, the understanding of the Kantian sublime (das Erhabene) will be decisive: understood initially as one of the modalities of aesthetic experience, the other being beauty, the sublime progressively distances itself from the latter. If beauty and the sublime are to be thematized independently of "determining judgement", in which the properties of the object impose themselves upon the subject, the modalities of aesthetic experience suppose, on the contrary, the primacy of the subject. This implies gradations: from the experience of harmony propitiated by beauty up through the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, both poles through which reality is reworked by the subject. At the pole of beauty, "representation" of reality still plays a prominent role. At the pole of the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, "representation" is subordinated to the power of "presentation". However, both kinds of experience, the one of beauty and the other of the sublime, belong to the same field of aesthetic experience, because in both of them the subject reworks – does not discard – what comes to him from the outside: it will be necessary to understand "Vorstellung" always as an experience in which the exterior will be transformed by the subject. That is, the representation of the Third Critic will always be an effectual representation. In the sublime as much as in "free beauty", the metamophosis of the exterior by the subject achieves its maximum level without meaning that the external pole – that we usually call "world" or "reality" – disappears. It will thus be necessary to rethink the concept of mimesis in order to understand the metamorphosis of the world performed by radicalization of the aesthetic experience through "free beauty". Der Artikel unternimmt eine "interessierte" Interpretation der "Kritik der Urteilskraft". Interessiert, weil – gegen die dominante Tendenz der letzten Jahrzehnte – versucht wird, den Kantischen Begriff der freien Schönheit von der vorweggenommenen Verteidigung der abstrakten Kunst abzutrennen. Interessiert auch, weil – anstatt von Neuem den Aufbau der "KdU" nachzuzeichnen – gezeigt werden soll, dass die dritte Kritik etwas fundieren kann, was nicht so beabsichtigt war: eine Überprüfung der Mimesis. Hierzu ist das Verständnis des Kantischen Erhabenen entscheidend: ursprünglich eine Modalität der ästhetischen Erfahrung zu seinem Gegenstück, der Schönheit, entfernt sich das Erhabene in steigendem Maße von der letzteren. Wenn Schönheit und Erhabenes außerhalb des "bestimmenden Urteils" thematisiert werden, wo sich die Eigenschaften des Objekts dem Subjekt aufdrängen, setzen die Modalitäten der Erfahrung im Gegenteil den Primat des Subjekts voraus, sich steigernd von der durch die Schönheit vermittelten Erfahrung der Harmonie bis zur Erfahrung der negativen Lust am Erhabenen. Zwischen diesen Polen arbeitet das Subjekt die Realität durch. Am Pol der Schönheit spielt die "Vorstellung" der Realität noch eine herausragende Rolle. In der "negativen Lust" am Erhabenen ordnet sich die "Vorstellung" der Gewalt der "Darstellung" unter. Aber die zwei Arten der Erfahrung – des Schönen und des Erhabenen – gehören demselben Feld ästhetischer Erfahrung an, denn in beiden arbeitet das Subjekt das von außen Herantretende durch, anstatt es zu verwerfen. Mit anderen Worten, "Vorstellung" ist immer zu verstehen als eine Erfahrung, in der das Äußere vom Subjekt transformiert wird. D. h., die "Vorstellung" in der dritten Kritik ist immer eine wirkende Vorstellung. Sowohl im Erhabenen als auch in der "freien Schönheit", erreicht die vom Subjekt bewirkte Metamorphose des Äußeren ihre höchste Intensität, ohne dass der äußere Pol – was wir gewöhnlich die "Welt" oder "Realität" nennen – verschwände. Es ist daher nötig, den Begriff der Mimesis neu zu formulieren, um sich die Metamorphose der Welt klarzumachen, die durch die Radikalisierung der ästhetischen Erfahrung mittels der "freien Schönheit" bewirkt wird.

     

    Export in Literaturverwaltung
    Hinweise zum Inhalt: kostenfrei
    Quelle: GiNDok
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schlagworte: Kant, Immanuel; Das Erhabene; Vorstellung; Darstellung; Abstrakte Kunst
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/de/deed.de

    ;

    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess