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  1. Methodological approaches to people's notions of spoken Standard German
    Erschienen: 2016
    Verlag:  Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek, Mannheim

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Beteiligt: Knöbl, Ralf (Verfasser); Deppermann, Arnulf (Verfasser)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Deutsch; Sprachvariante; Gesprochene Sprache; Schriftsprache; Forschungsmethode
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
    Bemerkung(en):

    Lizenzpflichtig

    In: Linguistische Berichte, 2016., 246., S. 171-196

  2. Analyzing lexical change in diachronic corpora
    Erschienen: 2016

    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Bibliothek der Hochschule Hannover
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    Bibliothek im Kurt-Schwitters-Forum
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Lübeck
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    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal, Hochschulbibliothek
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    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Hochschule Osnabrück, Bibliothek Campus Westerberg
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schlagworte: Wortschatz; Sprachwandel; Korpus <Linguistik>; Text Mining; Sprache; Geschichte
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (80 Blätter)
    Bemerkung(en):

    Dissertation, Mannheim, Universität Mannheim, 2016

  3. Metalinguistic awareness of standard vs standard usage
    the case of determiners in spoken German
    Erschienen: 2015

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Knöbl, Ralf; Koplenig, Alexander
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Language planning and microlinguistics; Basingstoke, Hampshire [u.a.] : Palgrave Macmillan, 2015; (2015), Seite [165]-185; XIV, 243 S

  4. Online dictionary use
    key findings from an empirical research project
    Erschienen: 2012

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Koplenig, Alexander; Nolting, Antje
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Electronic lexicography; Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press, 2012; (2012), Seite [425]-457; XII, 517 S.

  5. Empirical research into dictionary use
    a brief guide
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [55]-75; VI, 386 S.

  6. The first two international studies on online dictionaries - background information
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Müller-Spitzer, Carolin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [79]-84; VI, 386 S.

  7. General issues of online dictionary use
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Müller-Spitzer, Carolin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [127]-141; VI, 386 S.

  8. Online dictionaries: expectations and demands
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Koplenig, Alexander
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [143]-188; VI, 386 S.

  9. Questions of design
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Müller-Spitzer, Carolin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [189]-204; VI, 386 S.

  10. Evaluation of a new web design for the dictionary portal OWID
    an attempot at using eye-tracking technology
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Michaelis, Frank; Koplenig, Alexander
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [207]-228; VI, 386 S.

  11. Dictionary users do look up frequent words
    a log file analysis
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Meyer, Peter; Müller-Spitzer, Carolin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [229]-249; VI, 386 S.

  12. Benutzerwünsche und -meinungen zu dem monolingualen deutschen Onlinewörterbuch elexiko
    Erschienen: 2014

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Koplenig, Alexander; Nolting, Antje
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Using online dictionaries; Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2014; (2014), Seite [281]-384; VI, 386 S.

  13. Dictionary usage research in the Internet era
    Erschienen: 2018

    Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Bibliothek
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    Quelle: Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek
    Beteiligt: Koplenig, Alexander; Wolfer, Sascha
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Druck
    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: The Routledge handbook of lexicography; London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018; (2018), Seite [715]-734; xxvii, 809 Seiten

    Schlagworte: Benutzerforschung; Computerunterstützte Lexikografie; Internet
  14. Studying Lexical Dynamics and Language Change via Generalized Entropies: The Problem of Sample Size
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Basel : MDPI

    Recently, it was demonstrated that generalized entropies of order α offer novel and important opportunities to quantify the similarity of symbol sequences where α is a free parameter. Varying this parameter makes it possible to magnify differences... mehr

     

    Recently, it was demonstrated that generalized entropies of order α offer novel and important opportunities to quantify the similarity of symbol sequences where α is a free parameter. Varying this parameter makes it possible to magnify differences between different texts at specific scales of the corresponding word frequency spectrum. For the analysis of the statistical properties of natural languages, this is especially interesting, because textual data are characterized by Zipf’s law, i.e., there are very few word types that occur very often (e.g., function words expressing grammatical relationships) and many word types with a very low frequency (e.g., content words carrying most of the meaning of a sentence). Here, this approach is systematically and empirically studied by analyzing the lexical dynamics of the German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel (consisting of approximately 365,000 articles and 237,000,000 words that were published between 1947 and 2017). We show that, analogous to most other measures in quantitative linguistics, similarity measures based on generalized entropies depend heavily on the sample size (i.e., text length). We argue that this makes it difficult to quantify lexical dynamics and language change and show that standard sampling approaches do not solve this problem. We discuss the consequences of the results for the statistical analysis of languages.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Entropie; Sprachstatistik; Sprachwandel; Stichprobenumfang; Zipfsches Gesetz
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  15. Tracking and analyzing recent developments in German-language online press in the face of the coronavirus crisis: cOWIDplus Analysis and cOWIDplus Viewer
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Amsterdam : Benjamins

    The coronavirus pandemic may be the largest crisis the world has had to face since World War II. It does not come as a surprise that it is also having an impact on language as our primary communication tool. In this short paper, we present three... mehr

     

    The coronavirus pandemic may be the largest crisis the world has had to face since World War II. It does not come as a surprise that it is also having an impact on language as our primary communication tool. In this short paper, we present three inter-connected resources that are designed to capture and illustrate these effects on a subset of the German language: An RSS corpus of German-language newsfeeds (with freely available untruncated frequency lists), a continuously updated HTML page tracking the diversity of the vocabulary in the RSS corpus and a Shiny web application that enables other researchers and the broader public to explore the corpus in terms of basic frequencies.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Deutsch; Lexikostatistik; Online-Medien; Vielfalt; Wortschatz
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  16. Quantifying the efficiency of written language
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Berlin, Boston : De Gruyter

    Information theory can be used to assess how efficiently a message is transmitted on the basis of different symbolic systems. In this paper, I estimate the information-theoretic efficiency of written language for parallel text data in more than 1000... mehr

     

    Information theory can be used to assess how efficiently a message is transmitted on the basis of different symbolic systems. In this paper, I estimate the information-theoretic efficiency of written language for parallel text data in more than 1000 different languages, both on the level of characters and on the level of words as information encoding units. The main results show that (i) the median efficiency is ∼29% on the character level and ∼45% on the word level, (ii) efficiency on both levels is strongly correlated with each other and (iii) efficiency tends to be higher for languages with more speakers.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Sprachstatistik; Effizienz; Schriftsprache; Informationstheorie; Sprachzeichen; Wort
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  17. Testing the relationship between word length, frequency, and predictability based on the German Reference Corpus
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Hoboken : Wiley ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) [Zweitveröffentlichung]

    In a recent article, Meylan and Griffiths (Meylan & Griffiths, 2021, henceforth, M&G) focus their attention on the significant methodological challenges that can arise when using large-scale linguistic corpora. To this end, M&G revisit a well-known... mehr

     

    In a recent article, Meylan and Griffiths (Meylan & Griffiths, 2021, henceforth, M&G) focus their attention on the significant methodological challenges that can arise when using large-scale linguistic corpora. To this end, M&G revisit a well-known result of Piantadosi, Tily, and Gibson (2011, henceforth, PT&G) who argue that average information content is a better predictor of word length than word frequency. We applaud M&G who conducted a very important study that should be read by any researcher interested in working with large-scale corpora. The fact that M&G mostly failed to find clear evidence in favor of PT&G's main finding motivated us to test PT&G's idea on a subset of the largest archive of German language texts designed for linguistic research, the German Reference Corpus consisting of ∼43 billion words. We only find very little support for the primary data point reported by PT&G.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Wortlänge; Worthäufigkeit; Vorhersagbarkeit; Korpus; Informationsgehalt; Deutsch; Informationstheorie
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  18. OWIDplusLIVE. Day-to-day collection, exploration, analysis, and visualization of N-Gram frequencies in German (online press) language

    With OWIDplusLIVE, we would like to introduce the EURALEX community to two resources that provide analytical access to daily updated data (data: frequency data and N-grams – reference point: previous day). mehr

     

    With OWIDplusLIVE, we would like to introduce the EURALEX community to two resources that provide analytical access to daily updated data (data: frequency data and N-grams – reference point: previous day).

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Konferenzveröffentlichung
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Englisch, Altenglisch (420)
    Schlagworte: Deutsch; Daten; Visualisierung
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.de ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  19. Dictionary users do look up frequent and socially relevant words. Two log file analyses
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Bozen : Institute for Specialised Communication and Multilingualism

    We start by trying to answer a question that has already been asked by de Schryver et al. (2006): Do dictionary users (frequently) look up words that are frequent in a corpus. Contrary to their results, our results that are based on the analysis of... mehr

     

    We start by trying to answer a question that has already been asked by de Schryver et al. (2006): Do dictionary users (frequently) look up words that are frequent in a corpus. Contrary to their results, our results that are based on the analysis of log files from two different online dictionaries indicate that users indeed look up frequent words frequently. When combining frequency information from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus and information about the number of visits in the Digital Dictionary of the German Language as well as the German language edition of Wiktionary, a clear connection between corpus and look-up frequencies can be observed. In a follow-up study, we show that another important factor for the look-up frequency of a word is its temporal social relevance. To make this effect visible, we propose a de-trending method where we control both frequency effects and overall look-up trends.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Konferenzveröffentlichung
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Wörterbuch; Nutzer; Worthäufigkeit; Korpus
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  20. Observing online dictionary users: Studies using wiktionary log files

    We present studies using the 2013 log files from the German version of Wiktionary. We investigate several lexicographically relevant variables and their effect on look-up frequency: Corpus frequency of the headword seems to have a strong effect on... mehr

     

    We present studies using the 2013 log files from the German version of Wiktionary. We investigate several lexicographically relevant variables and their effect on look-up frequency: Corpus frequency of the headword seems to have a strong effect on the number of visits to a Wiktionary entry. We then consider the question of whether polysemic words are looked up more often than monosemic ones. Here, we also have to take into account that polysemic words are more frequent in most languages. Finally, we present a technique to investigate the time-course of look-up behaviour for specific entries. We exemplify the method by investigating influences of (temporary) social relevance of specific headwords.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Computerunterstützte Lexikographie; Wörterbuch; Internet; Benutzer
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  21. Autocorrelated errors explain the apparent relationship between disapproval of the US Congress and prosocial language
    Erschienen: 2015

    Frimer et al. (2015) claim that there is a linear relationship between the level of prosocial language and the level of public disapproval of US Congress. A re-analysis demonstrates that this relationship is the result of a misspecified model that... mehr

     

    Frimer et al. (2015) claim that there is a linear relationship between the level of prosocial language and the level of public disapproval of US Congress. A re-analysis demonstrates that this relationship is the result of a misspecified model that does not account for first-order autocorrelated disturbances. A Stata script to reproduce all presented results is available as an appendix.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Bericht
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Linguistik (410)
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.de ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  22. Understanding how users evaluate innovative features of online dictionaries – an experimental approach
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Ljubljana : Trojina, Institute for Applied Slovene Studies

    Compared with printed dictionaries, online dictionaries provide a number of unique possibilities for the presentation and processing of lexicographical information. However, in Müller-Spitzer/Koplenig/Töpel (2011) we show that – on average - users... mehr

     

    Compared with printed dictionaries, online dictionaries provide a number of unique possibilities for the presentation and processing of lexicographical information. However, in Müller-Spitzer/Koplenig/Töpel (2011) we show that – on average - users tend to rate the special characteristics of online dictionaries (e.g. multimedia, adaptability) as (partly) unimportant. This result conflicts somewhat with the lexicographical request both for the development of a user-adaptive interface and the incorporation of multimedia elements. This contribution seeks to explain this discrepancy, by arguing that when potential users are fully informed about the benefits of possible innovative features of online dictionaries, they will come to judge these characteristics to be more useful than users that do not have this kind of information. This argument is supported by empirical evidence presented in this paper.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Konferenzveröffentlichung
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Linguistik (410)
    Schlagworte: Online-Wörterbuch; Computerunterstützte Lexikographie; Benutzer
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  23. What makes a good online dictionary? Empirical insights from an interdisciplinary research project
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Ljubljana : Trojina, Institute for Applied Slovene StudiesTrojina, Institute for Applied Slovene Studies

    This paper presents empirical fmdings from two online surveys on the use of online dictionaries, in which more than 1,000 participants took part. The aim of these studies was to clarify general questions of online dictionary use (e.g. which... mehr

     

    This paper presents empirical fmdings from two online surveys on the use of online dictionaries, in which more than 1,000 participants took part. The aim of these studies was to clarify general questions of online dictionary use (e.g. which electronic devices are used for online dictionaries or different types of usage situations) and to identify different demands regarding the use of online dictionaries. We will present some important results ofthis ongoing research project by focusing on the latter. Our analyses show that neither knowledge of the participants’ (scientific or academic) background, nor the language Version of the online survey (German vs. English) allow any significant conclusions to be drawn about the participant’s individual user demands. Subgroup analyses only reveal noteworthy differences when the groups are clustered statistically. Taken together, our fmdings shed light on the general lexicographical request both for the development of a user-adaptive interface and the incorporation of multimedia elements to make online dictionaries more user-friendly and innovative.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Konferenzveröffentlichung
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Linguistik (410)
    Schlagworte: Online-Wörterbuch; Benutzer
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  24. Using the parameters of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law to measure diachronic lexical, syntactical and stylistic changes – a large-scale corpus analysis
    Erschienen: 2015

    Using the Google Ngram Corpora for six different languages (including two varieties of English), a large-scale time series analysis is conducted. It is demonstrated that diachronic changes of the parameters of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law (and the... mehr

     

    Using the Google Ngram Corpora for six different languages (including two varieties of English), a large-scale time series analysis is conducted. It is demonstrated that diachronic changes of the parameters of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law (and the parameter of the Zipf law, all estimated by maximum likelihood) can be used to quantify and visualize important aspects of linguistic change (as represented in the Google Ngram Corpora). The analysis also reveals that there are important cross-linguistic differences. It is argued that the Zipf–Mandelbrot parameters can be used as a first indicator of diachronic linguistic change, but more thorough analyses should make use of the full spectrum of different lexical, syntactical and stylometric measures to fully understand the factors that actually drive those changes.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Linguistik (410)
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

  25. A fully data-driven method to identify (correlated) changes in diachronic corpora
    Erschienen: 2015

    In this paper, a method for measuring synchronic corpus (dis-)similarity put forward by Kilgarriff (2001) is adapted and extended to identify trends and correlated changes in diachronic text data, using the Corpus of Historical American English... mehr

     

    In this paper, a method for measuring synchronic corpus (dis-)similarity put forward by Kilgarriff (2001) is adapted and extended to identify trends and correlated changes in diachronic text data, using the Corpus of Historical American English (Davies 2010a) and the Google Ngram Corpora (Michel et al. 2010a). This paper shows that this fully data-driven method, which extracts word types that have undergone the most pronounced change in frequency in a given period of time, is computationally very cheap and that it allows interpretations of diachronic trends that are both intuitively plausible and motivated from the perspective of information theory. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the method is able to identify correlated linguistic changes and diachronic shifts that can be linked to historical events. Finally, it can help to improve diachronic POS tagging and complement existing NLP approaches. This indicates that the approach can facilitate an improved understanding of diachronic processes in language change.

     

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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Bericht
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Linguistik (410)
    Schlagworte: Englisch; Text Mining; Wortschatz; Sprachgeschichte; Korpus
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/deed.de ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess