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  1. Parallelisms and deviations: two fundamentals of an aesthetics of poetic diction
    Autor*in: Menninghaus, Winfried ; Wagner, Valentin ; Schindler, Ines ; Knoop, Christine A. ; Blohm, Stefan ; Frieler, Klaus ; Scharinger, Mathias
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  London : Royal Society ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS)

    Poetic diction routinely involves two complementary classes of features: (i) parallelisms, i.e. repetitive patterns (rhyme, metre, alliteration, etc.) that enhance the predictability of upcoming words, and (ii) poetic deviations that challenge... mehr

     

    Poetic diction routinely involves two complementary classes of features: (i) parallelisms, i.e. repetitive patterns (rhyme, metre, alliteration, etc.) that enhance the predictability of upcoming words, and (ii) poetic deviations that challenge standard expectations/predictions regarding regular word form and order. The present study investigated how these two prediction-modulating fundamentals of poetic diction affect the cognitive processing and aesthetic evaluation of poems, humoristic couplets and proverbs. We developed quantitative measures of these two groups of text features. Across the three text genres, higher deviation scores reduced both comprehensibility and aesthetic liking whereas higher parallelism scores enhanced these. The positive effects of parallelism are significantly stronger than the concurrent negative effects of the features of deviation. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that art reception involves an interplay of prediction errors and prediction error minimization, with the latter paving the way for processing fluency and aesthetic liking.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Parallelismus; Ästhetik; Dichtersprache; Abweichung; Kognitive Linguistik; Lyrik / Lyrik; Sprichwort; Couplet
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  2. Reading Russian poetry: An expert–novice study
    Autor*in: Fokin, Danil ; Blohm, Stefan ; Riekhakainen, Elena
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Bern : Universitätsbibliothek Bern ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS)

    Studying the role of expertise in poetry reading, we hypothesized that poets’ expert knowledge comprises genre-appropriate reading- and comprehension strategies that are reflected in distinct patterns of reading behavior. We recorded eye movements... mehr

     

    Studying the role of expertise in poetry reading, we hypothesized that poets’ expert knowledge comprises genre-appropriate reading- and comprehension strategies that are reflected in distinct patterns of reading behavior. We recorded eye movements while two groups of native speakers (n=10 each) read selected Russian poetry: an expert group of professional poets who read poetry daily, and a control group of novices who read poetry less than once a month. We conducted mixed-effects regression analyses to test for effects of group on first-fixation durations, first-pass gaze durations, and total reading times per word while controlling for lexical- and text variables. First-fixation durations exclusively reflected lexical features, and total reading times reflected both lexical- and text variables; only first-pass gaze durations were additionally modulated by readers’ level of expertise. Whereas gaze durations of novice readers became faster as they progressed through the poems, and differed between line-final words and non-final ones, poets retained a steady pace of first-pass reading throughout the poems and within verse lines. Additionally, poets’ gaze durations were less sensitive to word length. We conclude that readers’ level of expertise modulates the way they read poetry. Our findings support theories of literary comprehension that assume distinct processing modes which emerge from prior experience with literary texts.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Lyrik / Lyrik; Russisch; Lesen; Fachwissen; Verstehen; Leseverhalten; Augenfolgebewegung; Regressionsanalyse
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  3. What to expect from a poem? The primacy of rhyme in college students’ conceptions of poetry
    Autor*in: Blohm, Stefan ; Knoop, Christine A.
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Helsinki : Finnish Literature Society ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS)

    We report results from an exploratory study of college students’ conceptions of poetry in which we asked them to name three things they expect from a poem. Frequency- and list-based analyses of their responses revealed that they primarily expect... mehr

     

    We report results from an exploratory study of college students’ conceptions of poetry in which we asked them to name three things they expect from a poem. Frequency- and list-based analyses of their responses revealed that they primarily expect poems to rhyme, but they also identified a number of form-, content-, and reception-related genre expectations, which we discuss in relation to relevant previous research. We propose that rhyme’s predominance in college students’ genre expectations reflects its perceptual and cognitive salience during incremental poetry comprehension rather than its frequency in contemporary poetic practice. Our results characterize the genre conceptions of the population that empirical studies of poetry comprehension typically investigate, and thus provide relevant background information for the interpretation of empirical findings in this field.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Lyrik / Lyrik; Reim; Erwartung; Verstehen
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  4. Reading poetry and prose: eye movements and acoustic evidence
    Autor*in: Blohm, Stefan ; Versace, Stefano ; Methner, Sanja ; Wagner, Valentin ; Schlesewsky, Matthias ; Menninghaus, Winfried
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  London : Routledge ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS)

    We examined genre-specific reading strategies for literary texts and hypothesized that text categorization (literary prose vs. poetry) modulates both how readers gather information from a text (eye movements) and how they realize its phonetic surface... mehr

     

    We examined genre-specific reading strategies for literary texts and hypothesized that text categorization (literary prose vs. poetry) modulates both how readers gather information from a text (eye movements) and how they realize its phonetic surface form (speech production). We recorded eye movements and speech while college students (N = 32) orally read identical texts that we categorized and formatted as either literary prose or poetry. We further varied the text position of critical regions (text-initial vs. text-medial) to compare how identical information is read and articulated with and without context; this allowed us to assess whether genre-specific reading strategies make differential use of identical context information. We observed genre-dependent differences in reading and speaking tempo that reflected several aspects of reading and articulation. Analyses of regions of interests revealed that word-skipping increased particularly while readers progressed through the texts in the prose condition; speech rhythm was more pronounced in the poetry condition irrespective of the text position. Our results characterize strategic poetry and prose reading, indicate that adjustments of reading behavior partly reflect differences in phonetic surface form, and shed light onto the dynamics of genre-specific literary reading. They generally support a theory of literary comprehension that assumes distinct literary processing modes and incorporates text categorization as an initial processing step.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Lyrik / Lyrik; Prosa; Augenfolgebewegung; Sprachproduktion; Leseverhalten; Verstehen; Textverarbeitung
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  5. Sound shape and sound effects of literary texts
    Autor*in: Blohm, Stefan ; Kraxenberger, Maria ; Knoop, Christine A. ; Scharinger, Mathias
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Berlin/Boston : de Gruyter ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS)

    The sound of language comprises all articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual aspects of speech, including the phonological and phonetic recoding of orthographic symbols. The sound of casual speech is widely considered a mere vehicle of meaning; in... mehr

     

    The sound of language comprises all articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual aspects of speech, including the phonological and phonetic recoding of orthographic symbols. The sound of casual speech is widely considered a mere vehicle of meaning; in literary genres, however, such as proverbs, poetry, or even the novel, the sound shape of language serves an aesthetic function and constitutes an integral component of the literary work of art, resulting in a pronounced “palpability” of form (Jakobson, 1960). This chapter selectively reviews the growing body of empirical research that is concerned with sound-related aspects of literary texts; particular attention is paid to prevalent concepts, theories, and methods, concluding with suggestions and recommendations for future investigation.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einem Sammelband
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Literarischer Text; Klang; Phonologie; Phonetik; Ästhetik; Prosodie
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  6. Sentence-level effects of literary genre: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence
    Autor*in: Blohm, Stefan ; Menninghaus, Winfried ; Schlesewsky, Matthias
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Lausanne : Frontiers Media S.A. ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS)

    The current study used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measures to examine effects of genre awareness on sentence processing and evaluation. We hypothesized that genre awareness modulates effects of genre-typical manipulations.... mehr

     

    The current study used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measures to examine effects of genre awareness on sentence processing and evaluation. We hypothesized that genre awareness modulates effects of genre-typical manipulations. We manipulated instructions between participants, either specifying a genre (poetry) or not (neutral). Sentences contained genre-typical variations of semantic congruency (congruent/incongruent) and morpho-phonological features (archaic/contemporary inflections). Offline ratings of meaningfulness (n = 64/group) showed higher average ratings for semantically incongruent sentences in the poetry vs. neutral condition. ERPs during sentence reading (n = 24/group; RSVP presentation at a fixed per-constituent rate; probe task) showed a left-lateralized N400-like effect for contemporary vs. archaic inflections. Semantic congruency elicited a bilateral posterior N400 effect for incongruent vs. congruent continuations followed by a centro-parietal positivity (P600). While N400 amplitudes were insensitive to the genre, the latency of the P600 was delayed by the poetry instruction. From these results, we conclude that during real-time sentence comprehension, readers are sensitive to subtle morphological manipulations and the implicit prosodic differences that accompany them. By contrast, genre awareness affects later stages of comprehension.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Literaturgattung; Ereigniskorreliertes Potenzial; Textverarbeitung; Textverstehen; Lyrik / Lyrik; Prosodie; Sprachverarbeitung; Elektrophysiologie
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  7. How perfect are imperfect rhymes? Effects of phonological similarity and verse context on rhyme perception
    Autor*in: Knoop, Christine A. ; Blohm, Stefan ; Kraxenberger, Maria ; Menninghaus, Winfried
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) [Zweitveröffentlichung]

    Rhyme occurs when two or more words are phonologically identical from the final stressed vowel onward. However, there are several types of so-called imperfect rhymes in which vocalic and/or consonantal segments are allowed to differ. Some of these... mehr

     

    Rhyme occurs when two or more words are phonologically identical from the final stressed vowel onward. However, there are several types of so-called imperfect rhymes in which vocalic and/or consonantal segments are allowed to differ. Some of these types frequently replace perfect rhymes in verse-final positions in the German poetic tradition, which suggests that they are licensed by genre conventions. Thus far, however, there is little empirical investigation into whether or not specific subtypes of imperfect rhymes are actually perceived as rhyming. Using a speeded rhyme judgment task, this study examines (a) how imperfect rhymes are perceived by comparing them to perfect rhymes and nonrhymes and (b) systematic differences between subtypes of imperfect rhyme. Specifically, we studied three subtypes in which the relevant segments differed in terms of vowel roundedness, voicing, and vowel quantity. If participants did not answer the speeded rhyme judgment task within 750 ms, the trial timed out and the next one appeared. We analyzed both rhyme judgments (yes/no) and time-outs (valid/timed-out), the former indexing rhyme acceptability, the latter indexing uncertainty. Our results indicate that imperfect rhymes are less acceptable than perfect rhymes and elicit greater uncertainty in the rhyme judgment task than both perfect rhymes and nonrhymes. Metered verse context increases the acceptability of imperfect rhymes, whereas perfect and nonrhymes were equally acceptable in word pairs and couplets. Furthermore, our results corroborate the notion that the degree of phonological similarity plays a crucial role in the perception of words as rhyming. However, our study does not lend support to the idea that frequent occurrence of specific imperfect rhymes in the poetic canon makes them more acceptable as rhymes.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Unreiner Reim; Reiner Reim; Empirie; Phonologie; Studie
    Lizenz:

    rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  8. Text type attribution modulates pre-stimulus alpha power in sentence reading
    Autor*in: Blohm, Stefan ; Schlesewsky, Matthias ; Menninghaus, Winfried ; Scharinger, Mathias
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Amsterdam : Elsevier ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) [Zweitveröffentlichung]

    Prior knowledge and context-specific expectations influence the perception of sensory events, e.g., speech, as well as complex higher-order cognitive operations like text reading. Here, we focused on pre-stimulus neural activity during sentence... mehr

     

    Prior knowledge and context-specific expectations influence the perception of sensory events, e.g., speech, as well as complex higher-order cognitive operations like text reading. Here, we focused on pre-stimulus neural activity during sentence reading to examine text type-dependent attentional bias in anticipation of written stimuli, capitalizing on the functional relevance of brain oscillations in the alpha (8–12 Hz) frequency range. Two sex- and age-matched groups of participants (n = 24 each) read identical sentences on a screen at a fixed per-constituent presentation rate while their electroencephalogram was recorded; the groups were differentially instructed to read “sentences” (genre-neutral condition) or “verses from poems” (poetry condition). Relative alpha power (pre-cue vs. post-cue) in pre-stimulus time windows was greater in the poetry condition than in the genre-neutral condition. This finding constitutes initial evidence for genre-specific cognitive adjustments that precede processing proper, and potentially links current theories of discourse comprehension to current theories of brain function.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Textsorte; Textverstehen; Studie; Lyrik / Lyrik; Hirnfunktion
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  9. Constrained structure of ancient Chinese poetry facilitates speech content grouping
    Autor*in: Teng, Xiangbin ; Ma, Min ; Yang, Jinbiao ; Blohm, Stefan ; Cai, Qing ; Tian, Xing
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Amsterdam : Elsevier ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) [Zweitveröffentlichung]

    Ancient Chinese poetry is constituted by structured language that deviates from ordinary language usage; its poetic genres impose unique combinatory constraints on linguistic elements. How does the constrained poetic structure facilitate speech... mehr

     

    Ancient Chinese poetry is constituted by structured language that deviates from ordinary language usage; its poetic genres impose unique combinatory constraints on linguistic elements. How does the constrained poetic structure facilitate speech segmentation when common linguistic and statistical cues are unreliable to listeners in poems? We generated artificial Jueju, which arguably has the most constrained structure in ancient Chinese poetry, and presented each poem twice as an isochronous sequence of syllables to native Mandarin speakers while conducting magnetoencephalography (MEG) recording. We found that listeners deployed their prior knowledge of Jueju to build the line structure and to establish the conceptual flow of Jueju. Unprecedentedly, we found a phase precession phenomenon indicating predictive processes of speech segmentation—the neural phase advanced faster after listeners acquired knowledge of incoming speech. The statistical co-occurrence of monosyllabic words in Jueju negatively correlated with speech segmentation, which provides an alternative perspective on how statistical cues facilitate speech segmentation. Our findings suggest that constrained poetic structures serve as a temporal map for listeners to group speech contents and to predict incoming speech signals. Listeners can parse speech streams by using not only grammatical and statistical cues but also their prior knowledge of the form of language.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Altchinesisch; Lyrik / Lyrik; Jueju; Magnetoencephalographie; Segmentierung; Psycholinguistik
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  10. Sentence judgments and the grammar of poetry: linking linguistic structure and poetic effect
    Autor*in: Blohm, Stefan ; Wagner, Valentin ; Schlesewsky, Matthias ; Menninghaus, Winfried
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Amsterdam : Elsevier ; Mannheim : Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) [Zweitveröffentlichung]

    The present article aims to show that the elicitation of intuitive literary-aesthetic sentence judgments taps into readers’ poetry-specific linguistic register, and how such judgment methods can be used to support and constrain future theory... mehr

     

    The present article aims to show that the elicitation of intuitive literary-aesthetic sentence judgments taps into readers’ poetry-specific linguistic register, and how such judgment methods can be used to support and constrain future theory formation in experimental poetics. In two experiments, we examined effects of deviant and parallelistic linguistic features on readers’ grammatical and literary-aesthetic evaluation of single sentences. In Experiment 1, participants rated carefully selected and modified lines of German poetry for either acceptability or poeticity (n = 40 each) on a 7-point scale; original lines featured grammatical deviations that were absent in modified versions. All investigated deviation types reduced the acceptability of the lines, but only routine licenses of German poetry increased their perceived poeticity and showed moderate to strong correlations between poeticity and deviance (i.e., low acceptability). In Experiment 2, participants made forced acceptability (n = 120) or poeticity (n = 120) choices regarding two (out of four) syntactic variants of a single sentence; variants crossed syntactic canonicity (canonical/non-canonical) and sentence rhythm (alternating/non-alternating). Acceptability choices favored only canonical syntax; poeticity choices were sensitive to both variables, and favored non-canonical syntax and alternating sentence rhythms. Our results indicate that poeticity judgments reflect categorical and gradient genre-specific well-formedness (Exp. 1), and that poeticity criteria are similar for traditional verse and for regular sentences without salient genre cues (Exp. 2). The observed prosodic and grammatical preferences suggest that perceptual fluency and conceptual challenge are prototypical characteristics of poetry reading. We conclude that sentence judgments can reveal whether and to which degree specific features of linguistic structure contribute to poetic effects.

     
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    Quelle: BASE Fachausschnitt Germanistik
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Sprache (400)
    Schlagworte: Lyrik / Lyrik; Poetizität; Ästhetisches Urteil; Akzeptabilität; Prosodie; Parallelismus
    Lizenz:

    creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess