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  1. Objects of "empathy" : characters (and other such things) as psycho-poetic effects
    Autor*in: Mellmann, Katja
    Erschienen: 26.03.2013

    In folk theories of art reception, readers and cinema audiences are said to experience fictional worlds vicariously 'through' characters, i.e. they 'identify' themselves with them, they partake in their experiences 'empathetically'. In the first... mehr

     

    In folk theories of art reception, readers and cinema audiences are said to experience fictional worlds vicariously 'through' characters, i.e. they 'identify' themselves with them, they partake in their experiences 'empathetically'. In the first section of my essay, I will argue that it is not character but focalization (point of view) which, on a fundamental level, guides our fictional experience, and I will exemplify several ways that characters (or similar ideas) can then in addition come into play. In the next two sections, I will discuss possible cognitive correlates of both the textual device of focalization and textual clues indicating ›persons‹. The aim is to show that what I call ›psycho-poetic effects‹ (that is, the mental representation of anthropomorphic instances) are best described as byproducts of various cognitive programs involved in the reception of narrative fiction. 'Empathy', as it is understood in the above mentioned folk theory of art reception, can then be analysed into individual algorithms of social cognition. And it can be differentiated, as is done in the last section, from other phenomena often confused with it, like emotional experience proper and emotional contagion. Also, I refer to the idea that mirror neurons provide the means to empathize with others, literary characters included. My general proposition is to revise and refine those concepts with the help of evolutionary theory and, thus, to hypothesize as cognitive correlates for textual features only programs specific enough to be correlated with a specific adaptive function which they may have performed in the process of human evolution.

     
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    ISBN: 978-3-11-023241-7
    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schlagworte: Literarische Gestalt; Charakterisierung; Fokalisierung; Einfühlung; Literaturpsychologie
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  2. Delightful horror : urban legends between fact and fiction
    Autor*in: Martínez, Matías
    Erschienen: 02.04.2013

    These […] stories are chosen from anthologies with texts called 'urban legends' (sometimes they are also referred to as 'contemporary legends', or 'urban myths'). Bearing this name in mind, we tend to read these texts as 'Iegendary' narratives that... mehr

     

    These […] stories are chosen from anthologies with texts called 'urban legends' (sometimes they are also referred to as 'contemporary legends', or 'urban myths'). Bearing this name in mind, we tend to read these texts as 'Iegendary' narratives that relate ficticious stories of events which never happened. But what if somebody told you these stories as factual accounts of events that really happened to the friend of a friend: wouldn't you believe them to be true – or at least consider seriously the possibility of their truthfulness? Before entering in a discussion of this question, I want to introduce in more detail the kind of narrative I am seeking to analyze.

     
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    ISBN: 978-3-7720-8038-8
    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schlagworte: Erzähltheorie; Moderne Sage
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  3. Narratology and theory of fiction: remarks on a complex relationship
    Autor*in: Martínez, Matías ; Scheffel, Michael
    Erschienen: 03.04.2013

    In his book "Fiction and Diction", Gerard Genette bemoans a contradiction between the pretense and the practice of narratological research. Instead of studying all kind of narratives, for Genette, narratological research concentrates de facto on the... mehr

     

    In his book "Fiction and Diction", Gerard Genette bemoans a contradiction between the pretense and the practice of narratological research. Instead of studying all kind of narratives, for Genette, narratological research concentrates de facto on the techniques of fictional narrative. Correspondingly, Genette speaks of a "fictional narratology" in the pejorative sense of a discipline that sets arbitrary limits on its area of study. In his objection, the narratology that literary scholars practice considers fictional narrative to be at least the standard case of any narrative. In other words, what is merely a special case, within a wide field of narratives, is here elevated to narrative par excellence. According to Genette, narratology does not omit the domain of non-fictional narratives from its investigations with any justification, but rather annexes it without addressing its specific elements.

    What are possible ways in which this perspective, which Genette criticizes as truncated, can be set right? Can the problem, as outlined, simply be solved by expanding the area of study in narratological research? Or are there not, perhaps, important differences between fictional and nonfictional narratives which seem to encourage narratological research, understood as a fundamental discipline of literary study, under the heading of "fictional narratology"?

    In order to come to an answer here, we will first discuss the problem of differentiating between fictional and non-fictional narratives, as well as the possibility of a connection between narrative and fictionality theory. Second, we will expand our considerations to encompass pragmatic and historical aspects of narratives in order to delineate the scope of our proposal.

     
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    ISBN: 3-11-017874-5
    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schlagworte: Erzählforschung; Erzähltheorie; Fiktion; Nichtfiktionale Prosa
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  4. Narratology beyond literary criticism : mediality, disciplinarity ; introduction
    Autor*in: Meister, Jan Christoph ; Kindt, Tom ; Schernus, Wilhelm
    Erschienen: 09.04.2013

    A glance at the current situation in literary criticism shows that narratology, pronounced dead twenty years ago, is remarkably alive and well. This fact has been noted repeatedly and with understandable self-satisfaction in the recent literature on... mehr

     

    A glance at the current situation in literary criticism shows that narratology, pronounced dead twenty years ago, is remarkably alive and well. This fact has been noted repeatedly and with understandable self-satisfaction in the recent literature on research into narrative theory. Just how astonishing this rebirth is, however, becomes apparent only when we step back from literary criticism and the humanities to take a wider historical view of the developments in academic and theoretical circles that preceded it. The deeply symbolic year of 1968 marked the fall of the academic ancient régime. Partly in anticipation of this and partly in response to it, a number of new leading disciplines were raised to power in western Europe as sources of hope for the future. However much they may have differed from one another in political purpose (in theoretical circles or beyond), linguistics, political economy, psychoanalysis, and structuralist semiology—to name but a few of the superdisciplines of the time—clearly belonged to one and the same paradigm in terms of how they conceived of themselves: throughout, they sought to reveal universal, ahistorical regularities in human thought and action in their respective fields.

     
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    ISBN: 3-11-018352-8
    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schlagworte: Narrativität; Intermedialität
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  5. The morphological and semantic classification of 'evidentials' and modal verbs in German : the perfect(ive) catalyst
    Autor*in: Abraham, Werner
    Erschienen: 01.10.2013

    This paper draws a link between the typological phenomenon of the paradigmatically supported evidentiality evoked by perfect and/or perfectivity and the equally epistemic system of modal verbs in German. The assumption is that, if perfect(ivity) is... mehr

     

    This paper draws a link between the typological phenomenon of the paradigmatically supported evidentiality evoked by perfect and/or perfectivity and the equally epistemic system of modal verbs in German. The assumption is that, if perfect(ivity) is at the bottom of evidentiality in a wide number of unrelated languages, then it will not be an arbitrary fact that systematic epistemic readings occur also for the modal verbs in German, which were preterite presents originally. It will be demonstrated, for one, how exactly modal verbs in Modem German still betray sensitivity to perfect and perfective contexts, and, second, how perfect(ivity) is prone to evincing epistemic meaning. Although the expectation cannot be satisfied due to a lack of respective data from the older stages of German, a research path is sketched narrowing down the linguistic questions to be asked and dating results to be reached.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Linguistik (410)
    Schlagworte: Morphologie; Semantik; Evidentialität; Modalverb; Perfekt; Deutsch
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  6. Are there correlations in the acquisition of definite pronouns and finite verbs in German?
    Autor*in: Bittner, Dagmar
    Erschienen: 17.10.2013

    The study presents a first investigation of two different processes in the L1-acquisition of German: The acquisition of definite pronominal forms and the occurence of finite verbs. The aim of the study is to find out if there are inherent relations... mehr

     

    The study presents a first investigation of two different processes in the L1-acquisition of German: The acquisition of definite pronominal forms and the occurence of finite verbs. The aim of the study is to find out if there are inherent relations between both processes. Inherent relations are understood as developmental relations based on the structural properties which demand a correlated emergence of the finite verb and definite pronominal forms.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Deutsch; Pronomen; Finite Verbform; Morphologie <Linguistik>; Spracherwerb
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  7. Position and interpretation of adjuncts : process, event and 'wieder' 'again'
    Autor*in: Pittner, Karin
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    This paper deals with restitutive and repetitive 'wieder'. Proceeding from the assumption that adverbial adjuncts have base positions which reflect their semantic relations to the rest of the sentence, it is shown that repetitive 'wieder' belongs to... mehr

     

    This paper deals with restitutive and repetitive 'wieder'. Proceeding from the assumption that adverbial adjuncts have base positions which reflect their semantic relations to the rest of the sentence, it is shown that repetitive 'wieder' belongs to the class of event adverbs minimally c-commanding the base positions of all arguments whereas restitutive 'wieder' has many properties in common with process adjuncts, minimally c-commanding the final verb.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Adverb; Adjunkt <Linguistik>; Argument <Linguistik>
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  8. German participle II constructions as adjuncts
    Autor*in: Zimmermann, Ilse
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    The present investigation is concerned with German participles II (past participles) as lexical heads of adjuncts. Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the analysis presupposes a lexicalist conception of morphology and the... mehr

     

    The present investigation is concerned with German participles II (past participles) as lexical heads of adjuncts.

    Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the analysis presupposes a lexicalist conception of morphology and the differentiation of Semantic Form and Conceptual Structure. It is argued that participles II have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. As for the potential of participles to function as modifiers, it is shown that attributive and adverbial participle constructions involve further operations of conversion. Participle constructions are considered as reduced sentences. They do not have a syntactic position for the subject, for an operator (comparable to the relative pronoun in relative clauses) or for an adverbial relator (as in adverbial clauses). The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure.

    Two templates serve the composition of modifiers - including participle constructions - with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modification which unifies two predicates relating to participants or to situations and frame setting modification where the modifier is given the status of a propositional operator.

    The proposed analysis shows that the high degree of semantic underspecification and interpretative flexibility of German participle II constructions resides in the indeterminacy of participles II with respect to voice and perfect, in the absence of certain constituents in the syntactic structure and in the presence of corresponding parameters in the Semantic Form of the participle phrases.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Deutsch; Partizip Perfekt; Adjunkt <Linguistik>; Semantik; Syntax
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  9. Early verb development in one austrian child
    Autor*in: Klampfer, Sabine
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    The purpose of this paper is to trace the early development of verbs (first 50 verb lemmas) in one Austrian child. The paper focusses on verb morphology, and especially on the emergence of first verb paradigms. mehr

     

    The purpose of this paper is to trace the early development of verbs (first 50 verb lemmas) in one Austrian child. The paper focusses on verb morphology, and especially on the emergence of first verb paradigms.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Spracherwerb; Morphologie; Verb; Österreichisches Deutsch
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  10. Early verb development in one german-speaking child
    Autor*in: Bittner, Dagmar
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    This paper deals with the emergence of verb morphology in one German child up to the time mini-paradigms occur in the data. I will focus on the role of protomorphology as a transitional stage between rote learning and the productive use of... mehr

     

    This paper deals with the emergence of verb morphology in one German child up to the time mini-paradigms occur in the data. I will focus on the role of protomorphology as a transitional stage between rote learning and the productive use of morphological distinctions.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Spracherwerb; Morphologie; Verb; Deutsch
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  11. The distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English as evidence for the phonological word
    Autor*in: Hall, Tracy A.
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    In the present article I discuss the distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English. The reason I have chosen to analyze these two languages together is that the data in both languages are strikingly similar. However, although the basic... mehr

     

    In the present article I discuss the distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English. The reason I have chosen to analyze these two languages together is that the data in both languages are strikingly similar. However, although the basic generalization in (1) holds for both German and English, we will see below that trimoraic syllabIes do not have an identical distribution in both languages.

    In the present study I make the following theoretical claims. First, I argue that the three environments in (1) have a property in common: they all describe the right edge of a phonological word (or prosodic word; henceforth pword). From a formal point of view, I argue that a constraint I dub the THIRD MORA RESTRICTION (henceforth TMR), which ensures that trimoraic syllables surface at the end of a pword, is active in German and English. According to my proposal trimoraic syllables cannot occur morpheme-internally because monomorphemic grammatical words like garden are parsed as single pwords. Second, I argue that the TMR refers crucially to moraic structure. In particular, underlined strings like the ones in (1) will be shown to be trimoraic; neither skeletal positions nor the subsyllabic constituent rhyme are necessary. Third, the TMR will be shown to be violated in certain (predictable) pword-internal cases, as in Monde and chamber; I account for such facts in an OptimalityTheoretic analysis (henceforth OT; Prince & Smolensky 1993) by ranking various markedness constraints among themselves or by ranking them ahead of the TMR. Fourth, I hold that the TMR describes a concrete level of grammar, which I refer to below as the 'surface' representation. In this respect, my treatment differs significantly from the one proposed for English by Borowsky (1986, 1989), in which the English facts are captured in a Lexical Phonology model by ordering the relevant constraint at level 1 in the lexicon.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Phonologie, Phonetik (414)
    Schlagworte: Phonologie; Prosodie; More <Linguistik>; Silbe; Deutsch; Englisch; Kontrastive Linguistik; Optimalitätstheorie
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  12. The contribution of sentence position : The word 'also' in spoken german
    Autor*in: Alm, Maria
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    The German word also, similar to English so, is traditionally considered to be a sentence adverb with a consecutive meaning, i.e. it indicates that the propositional content of the clause containing it is some kind of consequence of what has... mehr

     

    The German word also, similar to English so, is traditionally considered to be a sentence adverb with a consecutive meaning, i.e. it indicates that the propositional content of the clause containing it is some kind of consequence of what has previously been said. As a sentence adverb, also has its place within the core of the German sentence, since this is the proper place for an adverb to occur in German. The sentence core offers two proper positions for adverbs: the so-called front field and the middle field. In spoken German, however, also often occurs in sentence-initial position, outside the sentence itself. In this paper, I will use excerpts of German conversations to discuss and illustrate the importance of the sentence positions and the discourse positions for the functions of also on the basis of some German conversations.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Diskursanalyse; also; Satzadverb; Konsekutivsatz; Wortstellung; Deutsch
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  13. How the left-periphery of a wh-relative clause determines its syntactic and semantic relationships
    Autor*in: Holler, Anke
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    This paper discusses a certain class of German relative clauses which are characterized by a wh-expression overtly realized at the left periphery of the clause. While investigating empirical and theoretical issues regarding this class of relatives,... mehr

     

    This paper discusses a certain class of German relative clauses which are characterized by a wh-expression overtly realized at the left periphery of the clause. While investigating empirical and theoretical issues regarding this class of relatives, it argues that a wh-relative clause relates syntactically to a functionally complete sentential projection and semantically to entities of various kinds that are abstracted from the matrix clause. What is shown is that this grammatical behaviour clearly can be attributed to the properties of the elements positioned at the left of a wh-relative clause. Finally, a lexically-based analysis couched in the framework of HPSG is given that accounts for the data presented.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Phrasenstrukturgrammatik; Formale Semantik; Diskursrepräsentationstheorie; Relativsatz; Freier Relativsatz; Deutsch
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  14. Topics detached to the left : On 'left dislocation', 'hanging topic', and related constructions in german
    Autor*in: Nolda, Andreas
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    In this paper I argue that there are three distinct constructions in Modern German in which a 'topic constituent' is detached to the left: (left-)dislocated topic ('left dislocation'), (left-)attached topic ('mixed left dislocation'), and... mehr

     

    In this paper I argue that there are three distinct constructions in Modern German in which a 'topic constituent' is detached to the left: (left-)dislocated topic ('left dislocation'), (left-)attached topic ('mixed left dislocation'), and (left-)hanging topic ('hanging topic'). Presupposing the framework of Integrational Linguistics, I provide syntactic and semantic analyses for them. In particular, I propose that these constructions involve the syntactic function (syntactic) topic, which relates the topic constituent to the remaining part of the sentence. Dislocated and attached topic constituents function in addition as a strong or weak (syntactic) antecedent of some resumptive 'd-pronoun' form.

    Dislocated topic, attached topic, and hanging topic are in turn contrasted with 'free topics'. Being sentential units of their own, the latter are syntactically unconnected to the following sentence. In particular, they are not topic constituents.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Informationsstruktur; Wortstellung; Extraposition; Topikalisierung; Deutsch
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  15. Competing constraints on Vorfeldbesetzung in german
    Autor*in: Speyer, Augustin
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    The filling of the 'Vorfeld' in German sentences is basically obligatory; which constituent, however, actually moves to the Vorfeld is underdetermined by syntax and thus governed presumably by discourse factors. Coming from English, there are certain... mehr

     

    The filling of the 'Vorfeld' in German sentences is basically obligatory; which constituent, however, actually moves to the Vorfeld is underdetermined by syntax and thus governed presumably by discourse factors. Coming from English, there are certain competing expectations one could have: either the topic — more specifically, the backward-looking center — of a sentence is moved to the Vorfeld, or an element in a poset relationship to a set mentioned in the previous discourse, or elements with other functions, such as the exposition of brand-new information or the setting of a scene. A study of a corpus of texts of different stylistic levels showed that indeed all elements expected to appear in the Vorfeld are eligible for Vorfeld-movement, but that there is a strict ranking. Preferred Vorfeld-fillers are phrases containing brand-new information as well as scene-setting elements; only if no such elements are present can elements in a poset relationship with some previously mentioned set be moved to the Vorfeld. Finally, if such elements are not present either, backward-looking centers can move to the Vorfeld. Backward-looking centers have, for this reason, a relatively poor quota among Vorfeld-fillers, namely around 50%.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Sprachstatistik; Informationsstruktur; Thema-Rhema-Gliederung; Wortstellung; Extraposition; Deutsch
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  16. Discourse particles in the left periphery
    Autor*in: Zimmermann, Malte
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    This article analyses the German discourse particle wohl 'I suppose', 'presumably' as a syntactic and semantic modifier of the sentence types declarative and interrogative. It is shown that wohl does not contribute to the propositional, i.e.... mehr

     

    This article analyses the German discourse particle wohl 'I suppose', 'presumably' as a syntactic and semantic modifier of the sentence types declarative and interrogative. It is shown that wohl does not contribute to the propositional, i.e. descriptive content of an utterance. Nor does it trigger an implicature. The proposed analysis captures the semantic behaviour of wohl by assuming that it moves to SpecForceP at LF, from where it can modify the sentence type operators in Force0 in compositional fashion. Semantically, a modification with wohl results in a weaker commitment to the proposition expressed in declaratives and in a request for a weaker commitment concerning the questioned proposition in interrogatives. Cross-linguistic evidence for a left-peripheral position of wohl (at LF) comes from languages in which the counterpart of wohl occurs in the clausal periphery overtly. Overall, the analysis sheds more light on the semantic properties of the left periphery, in particular of the functional projection ForceP.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Grammatische Kategorie; Pragmatik; Lexikologie; Modalität; Satztyp; Skopus; Deutsch
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  17. Airflow in stop-vowel sequences of german
    Autor*in: Hamann, Silke ; Velkov, Hristo
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    This study reports on the results of an airflow experiment that measured the duration of airflow and the amount of air from release of a stop to the beginning of a following vowel in stop vowel-sequences of German. The sequences involved coronal,... mehr

     

    This study reports on the results of an airflow experiment that measured the duration of airflow and the amount of air from release of a stop to the beginning of a following vowel in stop vowel-sequences of German. The sequences involved coronal, labial and velar voiced and voiceless stops followed by the vocoids /j, i:, ı, ɛ, ʊ, a/. The experiment tested the influence of the three factors voicing of stop, place of stop articulation, and the following vocoid context on the duration and amount of air as possible explanation for assibilation processes. The results show that the voiceless stops are related to a longer duration and more air in the release phase than voiced ones. For the influence of the vocoids, a significant difference could be established between /j/ and all other vocoids for the duration of the release phase. This difference could not be found for the amount of air over this duration. The place of articulation had only restricted influence. Velars resulted in significantly longer duration of the release phase compared to non-velars. A significant difference in amount of air between the places of articulation could not be found.

     
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    Medientyp: Teil eines Buches (Kapitel); bookPart
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Stimmgebung; Artikulatorische Phonetik; Verschlusslaut; Stimmhaftigkeit; Stimmlosigkeit; Deutsch
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    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  18. Acoustic differences between german and dutch labiodentals
    Autor*in: Hamann, Silke ; Sennema, Anke
    Erschienen: 14.11.2013

    The present article is a follow-up study of the investigation of labiodentals in German and Dutch by Hamann & Sennema (2005), where we looked at the perception of the Dutch labiodental three-way contrast by German listeners without any knowledge of... mehr

     

    The present article is a follow-up study of the investigation of labiodentals in German and Dutch by Hamann & Sennema (2005), where we looked at the perception of the Dutch labiodental three-way contrast by German listeners without any knowledge of Dutch and German learners of Dutch. The results of this previous study suggested that the German voiced labiodental fricative /v/ is perceptually closer to the Dutch approximant /ʋ/ than to the corresponding Dutch voiced labiodental fricative /v/. These perceptual indications are attested by the acoustic findings in the present study. German /v/ has a similar harmonicity median and a similar centre of gravity to Dutch /ʋ/, but differs from Dutch /v/ in these parameters. With respect to the acoustic parameter of duration, German /v/ lies closer to the Dutch /v/ than to the Dutch /ʋ/.

     
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    Quelle: GiNDok
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Teil eines Buches (Kapitel); bookPart
    Format: Online
    DDC Klassifikation: Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch (430)
    Schlagworte: Akustische Phonetik; Kontrastive Phonetik; Konsonant; Deutsch; Niederländisch
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    info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess