On Black Magic ; How epistemic modifiers emerge ; Über Schwarze Magie ; Wie epistemische Modifizierer entstehen
Contents 1 Preface. . .1 2 Introduction. . . 3 2.1 Aims . . .3 2.2 Method . . . 3 2.3 Theoretical considerations . . . 5 2.4 Results in a nutshell . . . 5 3 Abbreviations . . .9 4 Is there a class of modal verbs in German?. . . 11 4.1 Traditional...
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Contents 1 Preface. . .1 2 Introduction. . . 3 2.1 Aims . . .3 2.2 Method . . . 3 2.3 Theoretical considerations . . . 5 2.4 Results in a nutshell . . . 5 3 Abbreviations . . .9 4 Is there a class of modal verbs in German?. . . 11 4.1 Traditional criteria . . . 12 4.1.1 Morphological criteria . . . 12 4.1.2 Syntactic criteria . . . 20 4.1.3 Semantic criteria . . . 24 4.1.4 Conclusion . . . 30 4.2 Case studies . . . 33 4.2.1 können . . . 33 4.2.2 müssen . . . 63 4.2.3 wollen . . . 79 4.2.4 dürfen . . . 93 4.2.5 dürfte . . . 100 4.2.6 sollen. . . 106 4.2.7 mögen . . . 118 4.2.8 möchte . . . 133 4.2.9 brauchen . . . 142 4.2.10 werden . . . 174 4.2.11 scheinen and dünken . . . 182 4.2.12 drohen, versprechen and verheißen . . . 189 4.2.13 Summary . . . 198 4.3 The origin of the term Modalverb . . . 204 4.3.1 Early grammars – a morphological classification . . . 205 4.3.2 Karl Ferdinand Becker (1836) – from a morphological classification to a grammatical one . . . 207 4.3.3 Blatz (1896). . . 210 4.3.4 George O. Curme . . . 211 4.3.5 Braune, Paul and Behaghel: the decline of the semantic motivation . . . 212 4.3.6 Gunnar Bech (1949) . . . 214 4.3.7 The Duden grammar . . . 215 4.3.8 Summary. . . 217 5 The nature of epistemic modality 223 5.1 Types of modification . . . 223 5.2 Circumstantial modal verbs as event modifiers . . . 227 5.3 The case of can . . . 228 5.4 Ambiguities across categories. . . 230 5.4.1 Conditionals . . . 230 5.4.2 Causal clauses . . . 233 5.4.3 Causal wo-clauses . . . 237 5.4.4 Corrective uses of obwohl, wobei and wiewohl . . . 237 5.4.5 Contrastive während-clauses. . . 239 5.4.6 solange-clauses . . . 240 5.4.7 bevor-clauses . . . 241 5.4.8 Final damit-clauses . . . 241 5.4.9 Adverbial infinitives . . . 243 5.4.10 VP adverbs . . . 245 5.4.11 Locative modifiers . . . 246 5.4.12 Noch einmal. . . 246 5.4.13 Past operator. . . 248 5.4.14 Meta-communicative why . . . 249 5.4.15 Summary . . . 250 5.5 Ambiguities across languages . . . 252 5.6 Critical data . . . 255 5.6.1 Quantificational modal ...
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